Rewrite the sentences without changing their meaning

1. My uncle missed his plane because he didn’t wake up on time.

If ___________________________________________________ his plane.

2. Mrs. Newton was late to the meeting, so the chairman got angry with her.

If__________________________________________________________.

3. They gave Alex the job because he got the highest point in the test.

If __________________________________________________________.

4. I was very nervous because I lost the car keys.

If __________________________________________________________.

5. Nielsen didn’t see the red light so he crashed into a car.

If __________________________________________________________.

6. As he worked too fast, he made too many mistakes.

If __________________________________________________________.

7. I shouted at my girlfriend so she left me.

If __________________________________________________________.

8. She didn’t buy him a birthday present, so she didn’t go to the birthday party.

___________________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 1. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech

1) “I’ve never been to Turkey” said Carlos.

______________________________________________.

2) “I’m taking my final exams next week” Cenk said.

______________________________________________.

3) “My sister doesn’t speak German” said Carla.

______________________________________________.

4) “I saw a terrible car accident last night” said Jack.

______________________________________________.

5) “My husband doesn’t really like playing golf” said Melis.

______________________________________________.

6) “I won’t be home late” said Mary.

______________________________________________.

7) “We will transfer two new players to the team” said the chairman of Fenerbahçe.

______________________________________________.

8) “I’ve read twenty emails this morning” said Murat.

______________________________________________.

9) ” I met Tina while I was working in İstanbul” said Alex.

_____________________________________________.

10) “My grandfather had three restaurants in İzmir.” said Clare

_____________________________________________.

KEY

1. Carlos said (that) he had never been to Turkey before.

2. Cenk said (that) he would take his final exams the following week.

3. Carla (said) that her sister didn’t speak German.

4. Jack (said) that he had seen a terrible car accident the previous night.

5. Melis (said) that her husband didn’t really like playing golf.

6. Mary (said) that she wouldn’t be late home.

7. The chairman of Fenerbahçe said that they would transfer two new players to the team.

8. Murat (said) that he had read twenty emails that morning.

9. Alex (said) that he had met Tina while he had been working in İstanbul.

10. Clare (said) that her grandfather had had three restaurants in İzmir.

Sentences which give the same meaning

1) I have never watched such a boring film.

or

It’s the most boring film I have ever watched.

2) When did Derya start work?

or

How long is it since Derya started work?

or

How long ago did Derya start work?

3) My parents haven’t reached Marmaris yet.

or

My parents still haven’t reached Marmaris.

4) Duygu moved to Karşıyaka five months ago.

or

Duygu has been in Karşıyaka for five months.

5) I haven’t been to the Fenerbahçe’s football match for three years.

or

The last time I went to Fenerbahçe’s football match was three years ago.

6) It’s a long time since we went out.

or

We haven’t been out for a long time.

7) Alex has never eaten Turkish food before.

or

It’s the first time Alex has ever eaten Chinese food.

8) Melisa started cooking as soon as her husband (had) left home.

or

Melisa started cooking when her husband left.

or

Melisa waited until her husband had left before she started cooking.

or

Melisa didn’t start cooking until after her husband had left.

9) They got married ten years ago.

or

Thay have been married for ten years.

Use of ‘because’ and ‘because of’ : To give a reason

Structure: We use a complete sentence after because.

” They didn’t win the game because they didn’t play well.

BUT,

after because of we use NOUN Phrase or Ving form.

” All the flights were cancelled because of bad weather conditions.”

” I went to bed very early because of working too much.

PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with “because” or “because of”

1. Please don’t let your children walk alone _______________the walkway is slippery when wet.

2. Alex missed the penalty _______________lack of concentration.

3. _______________ thick fog at the airport, Louis and Tim had to stay in Ankara one more day.

4. Unfortunately she had to give up singing __________________she had a serious throat problem.

5. You are not allowed to enter this secured area ________________ you don’t have an official permit.

6. We decided to buy that house ______________ its low price.

7. _____________the elecrticity was cut off, we went to bed early.

8. We can’t go to school by public transport tomorrow ____________ the srtike.

9. I had to overwork last week _____________my manager wanted me to finish the reports.

10. People always trust him _______________his honesty.

KEY: 1. because  2. because of  3. Because of  4. because 5. because  6. because of  7. Because 8. because of 9. because  10. because of

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BECAUSE OF / BECAUSE

Meaning: 1. reach someone by running or walking faster.

2. reach the same level or degree as someone.

Example: Semih will never catch up with me. I’m a better runner than him.

After studying hard, I finally caught up with my classmates.

As he has just joined the team, he needs more time to catch up with his friends.

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning. Use 2-5 words in total.

1. They were served by an attractive and quick waitress.  ( who )

The ________________________________________attractive and quick.

2. The moment I reached the tunnel, I saw a bright light.  ( just )

I saw a bright light ___________________________________the tunnel.

3. Ted and Robin spent their holiday in a magnificient hotel.  ( where )

The hotel _____________________________________ was magnificient.

4. The floorboards in her summer house are in bad shape and need replacing. ( which )

The floorboards in her summer house, ___________________________, need replacing.

5. The electricity won’t be reconnected until you pay the bill.  (when)

The electricity will be connected ________________________the bill.

6. My grandmother bought me a shirt, but the sleeves are too long. ( of  )

My grandmother bought me a shirt ______________________are too long.

7. The speakers left immediately after they finished their speech. ( soon )

The speakers left __________________________________their speech.

8. I hadn’t heard from Kate for years and last week I received a letter from her. ( who )

Last week I received a letter from Kate __________________________________from for years.

9. A lot of damage was caused by the storm yesterday. ( which)

There was a storm yesterday, ___________________________ a lot of damage.

10. The poet, who has recently had his poems translated into 7 languages, is giving a speech tonight. ( whose )

The poet, _________________________________translated into 7 languages, is giving a speech tonight.

11. I finished writing the reports and then I went out with my girlfriend.  ( until )

I didn’t go out with my girlfriend until __________________________the reports.

12. In 2002 I opened my first shop in Paris.  ( was )

2002 _________________________________I opened my first shop in Paris.

13. We’ll leave any time you’re ready.  (whenever)

We’ll leave _______________________________________ready.

14. During a walk in the main square Alex met his friend. ( while )

Alex met his friend ______________________________in the main square.

15. I met a very qualified assistant manager last week. ( whom )

The assistant manager ________________________last week was very qualified.

1. The Coca Cola Company advertises its products well, so people prefer drinking them.

If _____________________________________________________________________________.

2.  It is necessary for him  to renew his  passport before leaving the country.

I______________________________________________________________________________.

3. Is it prohibited for students to park here?

Are students___________________________________________________________________ ?

4. “How long have they been in Porto when you arrived there?”

Can you tell me __________________________________________________________________?

5. Ceyda is much more romantic than her sister, Lale.

Lale  is_________________________________________________________________________.

6. Aragones is older than Fatih Terim. (not as….as)

Fatih Terim ___________________________________________________________________.

7. Alex had already left the library when I got there. (by)

Aylin had already left the library_____________________________there.

8. There were more accidents last year than this year. (as)

This year, there were not ______________________________________ last year.

Example:  All the flights are temporarily cancelled. The weather is foggy.

Because of: All the flights are temporarily cancelled because of the foggy weather.

Because: All the flights are temporarily cancelled because the weather is foggy.

As a result: The weather is foggy. As a result, all the flights are temporarily cancelled.

Since: Since the weather is foggy, all the flights are temporarily cancelled.

1. Miguel was very busy yesterday. He helped me.

Despite the fact that:________________________________________________.

Although:__________________________________________________________.

However:__________________________________________________________.

2. Sinem exercises vigorously. She can’t lose weight.

Although:  _________________________________________________________.

Despite the fact that: ________________________________________________.

However: __________________________________________________________.

3. Visitors are not allowed to park here. It is a private parking area.

Since: _____________________________________________________________.

Because of: ________________________________________________________.

Due to: ___________________________________________________________.

4. Jack can’t lift the box. He is very strong.

In spite of:___________________________________________________________.

However: ____________________________________________________________.

But: _________________________________________________________________.

5. Gabriel is rich. Simone is poor.

Whereas: ______________________________________________________________.

In contrast to: _________________________________________________________.

Unlike: _______________________________________________________________.

Rewrite the sentences using too/enough keeping the meaning the same.

1. Don’t wear a T-shirt. It’s cold outside.

_________________________________________________.

2. It’s very hot today. Let’s go to the beach.

_________________________________________________.

3. We’re not going to work yet. It’s early.

_________________________________________________.

4. You can’t touch the ceiling. You’re short.

_________________________________________________.

5. You can buy this game. It’s cheap.

_________________________________________________.

6. Carlos can be a team leader. He isn’t very young.

_________________________________________________.

7. They can buy a private plane. They are rich.

_________________________________________________.

8. You can lift this TV. It’s light.

__________________________________________________.

9. Delgado is 18 years old. He can vote in the elections.

__________________________________________________.

10. This skirt is not my size. It’s not big enough.

___________________________________________________.

KEY

1. It’s too cold to wear a T-shirt.

2. It’s hot enough to go to the beach.

3. It’s too early to go to work.

4. You aren’t tall enough to touch the ceiling.

5. This game is cheap enough to buy.

6. Carlos is old enough to be a teamleader.

7. They are rich enough to buy a private plane.

8. This TV is light enough to lift.

9. Delgado is old enough to vote in the elections.

10. This skirt is too small for me.

Complete each sentence keeping the meaning the same.

1. He became a dogwalker five years ago.

He ______________________________ten years.

2. They visited their uncle two months ago.

They ___________________________ two months.

3. She has been a vet for eight years.

She_______________________________ago.

4. Alex hasn’t scored a goal for 3 weeks.

The last time _____________________________3 weeks ago.

5. We have never been to Athens before.

It’s the __________________________________ Athens.

6. I have never watched such an exciting match.

It’s _________________________________ever watched.

7. Roberto Carlos has never worked with such a friendly coach.

He’s ___________________________________ever worked.

8. She’s never eaten such a delicious cake.

_______________________________________ever eaten.

9. I’ve never driven such a fast car.

———————————-ever driven.

10. I’ve never seen such a lazy student.

———————————ever seen.

KEY: 1. …..has been a dog walker for ten years.

2. ….haven’t visited their uncle for two months.

3. She became a vet 8 years ago.

4. The last time Alex scored a goal was three weeks ago.

5. It’s the first time we’ve been to Athens.

6. It’s the most exciting match I’ve ever watched.

7. He’s the most friendly coach Carlos has ever worked.

8. It’s the most delicious cake she has ever eaten.

9. It’s the fastest car I’ve ever driven.

10. He’s the laziest student I’ve ever seen.