Use of ‘because’ and ‘because of’ : To give a reason

Structure: We use a complete sentence after because.

” They didn’t win the game because they didn’t play well.

BUT,

after because of we use NOUN Phrase or Ving form.

” All the flights were cancelled because of bad weather conditions.”

” I went to bed very early because of working too much.

PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with “because” or “because of”

1. Please don’t let your children walk alone _______________the walkway is slippery when wet.

2. Alex missed the penalty _______________lack of concentration.

3. _______________ thick fog at the airport, Louis and Tim had to stay in Ankara one more day.

4. Unfortunately she had to give up singing __________________she had a serious throat problem.

5. You are not allowed to enter this secured area ________________ you don’t have an official permit.

6. We decided to buy that house ______________ its low price.

7. _____________the elecrticity was cut off, we went to bed early.

8. We can’t go to school by public transport tomorrow ____________ the srtike.

9. I had to overwork last week _____________my manager wanted me to finish the reports.

10. People always trust him _______________his honesty.

KEY: 1. because  2. because of  3. Because of  4. because 5. because  6. because of  7. Because 8. because of 9. because  10. because of

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BECAUSE OF / BECAUSE

Complete the sentences using the given clues.

1. It’s a pity I can’t go to the stadium tonight.

I wish____________________________________________________.

2. I want to see Sara more often but I can’t.

I wish____________________________________________________.

3. I live in Malta and I don’t like this.

I wish_____________________________________________________.

4. It’s a pity Mary is not here.

I wish____________________________________________________.

5. My sister doesn’t know how to dance.

I wish____________________________________________________.

6. My best friend isn’t here.

I wish ___________________________________________________.

7. Why can’t you come to my birthday party?

I wish___________________________________________________.

8.  I’m not watching the news.

I wish__________________________________________________.

9. She has got a lot of problems with her husband.

She wishes _________________________________________________.

10. Alex can’t speak English fluently.

He wishes________________________________________________.

KEY:

1. I wish I could go to the stadium tonight.

2. I wish I saw Sara more often.

3. I wish I didn’t live in Malta.

4. I wish Mary was here.

5. I wish she knew how to dance.

6. I wish my best friend was here.

7. I wish you came to my party.

8. I wish I was watching the news.

9. She wishes she didn’t have problems with her husband.

10. He wishes he could speak English fluently.

EXERCISE . Fill in the blanks with when, before, after, as soon as, or until. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

1) Roberto Carlos will stay in Turkey ____________ he finds a new club.

2) Jack’s going to keep on working _______________ he finishes it.

3) Book a table ____________you go to the restaurants in the Bosphorus. They’re always full.

4) ____________ I chat with him tonight, I’ll ask the reason of the argument.

5) Remember to buy some batteries ____________you’re in the kiosk.

6) We can go for a walk ___________we’ve eaten something.

7) The captain will wait for the other sailors _____________it gets dark, and then he’ll leave.

8) Don’t forget to call your manager about the sales _____________ you get to the hotel.

9) I hope she’ll phone me ______________ she’s found the files I need.

10) They’ll wait ______________it stops snowing, and then they’ll go out.

11) ___________you see your sister, give my regards please.

KEY 1. until  2. until  3. before  4. When  5. when 6. after  7. until  8. when/as soon as 9) when/as soon as 10) until 11) When

Fill in the blanks with ONE word only.

A) Tolga was __________(1) overweight and naughty. “You __________(2) exercise more and eat less,” his mother

advised __________(3) she didn’t want him to get __________(4) illnesses. However, he refused to listen and

continued eating __________(5).

One day, while Tolga was jogging __________(6) gym class, he collapsed. His teacher __________(7) him to

the doctor and called his parents. At the clinic, the doctor said that he was overweight and his heart was not

working well ________(8). The doctor advised her to ___________(9) weight in order to prevent a serious heart

disorder. Tolga was __________(10) afraid that he started to do exercise and eat less.

B) Everybody needs a place to live in. We need to shelter ourselves __________(1) the rain, the hot sun, strong

winds and the snow. Man learned to make shelters for __________(2) a long time ago. First, they lived in

caves. __________(3), they made their caves into better homes with doors and windows. After that, they used

materials such as wood and mud to ___________(4) their houses. Some even used snow and ice. In more

recent times, men have learned to use these materials to make __________(5) homes than those they

__________(6) to live in many years ago.

Key

A) 1. too/both 2. should  3. because  4. any  5. fatty/junk/fast  6. during / at  7. took  8. enough  9. lose  10.so

B) 1. from  2. themselves  3. Then  4. build  5. better  6. used

TOO / ENOUGH

Rewrite each sentence keeping the meaning the same.

1. The shirt is so small that I can’t wear it.

__________________________________________________________.

2. This flat is too small for my parents to live in.

__________________________________________________________.

3. The road is so wet that I can’t control the car easily.

__________________________________________________________.

4. The bird is so weak that it can’t fly.

__________________________________________________________.

5. My sister is so busy that she can’t come to the cinema with us.

__________________________________________________________.

6. The watch is so expensive that he couldn’t buy it.

__________________________________________________________.

7. These sandals are so small that they don’t fit me.

__________________________________________________________.

8. The film is so boring that he can’t watch it.

__________________________________________________________.

9. I was so tired that I couldn’t keep my eyes open.

__________________________________________________________.

10. The coffee was so strong that she couldn’t drink it.

__________________________________________________________.

11. The boys are too young to watch that film.

__________________________________________________________.

12. Alex was so shocked that he couldn’t say a word.

__________________________________________________________.

13. Sinan is too short to be a basketball player.

__________________________________________________________.

14. Carlos was so excited that he couldn’t sleep.

__________________________________________________________.

15. That room is so hot that I can’t sit comfortably.

__________________________________________________________.

KEY 1. The shirt is too small (for me) to wear.

2. This flat isn’t big enough (for my parents) to live in.

3. The road is too wet to control the car easily.

4. The bird is too weak / isn’t strong enough to fly.

5. My sister is too busy to come to the cinema with us.

6. The watch was too expensive for him to buy.

7. These sandals are not big enough to fit me.

8. This film is too boring to watch.

9. I was too tired to keep my eyes open.

10. The coffee was too strong (for her) to drink.

11. The boys are not old enough to watch that film.

12. Alex was too shocked to say a word.

13. Sinan is not tall enough to be a basketball player.

14. Carlso is too excited to sleep.

15. The room is too hot to sit comfortably.

Complete each sentence keeping the meaning the same.

1. He became a dogwalker five years ago.

He ______________________________ten years.

2. They visited their uncle two months ago.

They ___________________________ two months.

3. She has been a vet for eight years.

She_______________________________ago.

4. Alex hasn’t scored a goal for 3 weeks.

The last time _____________________________3 weeks ago.

5. We have never been to Athens before.

It’s the __________________________________ Athens.

6. I have never watched such an exciting match.

It’s _________________________________ever watched.

7. Roberto Carlos has never worked with such a friendly coach.

He’s ___________________________________ever worked.

8. She’s never eaten such a delicious cake.

_______________________________________ever eaten.

9. I’ve never driven such a fast car.

———————————-ever driven.

10. I’ve never seen such a lazy student.

———————————ever seen.

KEY: 1. …..has been a dog walker for ten years.

2. ….haven’t visited their uncle for two months.

3. She became a vet 8 years ago.

4. The last time Alex scored a goal was three weeks ago.

5. It’s the first time we’ve been to Athens.

6. It’s the most exciting match I’ve ever watched.

7. He’s the most friendly coach Carlos has ever worked.

8. It’s the most delicious cake she has ever eaten.

9. It’s the fastest car I’ve ever driven.

10. He’s the laziest student I’ve ever seen.

‘Ladies and gentlemen.  There is a killer near the town!  A huge black creature is living in the caves outside the town.  This animal hunts and kills human!  It doesn’t wait for a human to go near it.  It is hungry and it can smell humans from 100 metres.  We want you to stay at home tonight.  We are going to find this creature and capture it or kill it!’

The police officer said that there _________ (1) a killer near the town.  He said a huge black creature ___________ (2) in the caves outside the town.  He added that the animal ___________ (3) and ___________ (4) humans.  He said it ___________ (5) for a human to go near it because ___________ (6) hungry and it ___________ (7) smell humans from 100 metres.  He added that the police _____________ (8) to stay at home that night.  He said that the police ___________ (9) to find the creature and capture it or kill it!

Key: 1. was a killer near the town  2. was living…..  3. hunted 4. killed…. 5. didn’t wait…. 6.  was hungry  7. could…. 8. wanted to…. 9. going to….

Choose the best alternative

1. The product manager failed to get his ideas ____________to his team.

a) across     b) down     c) in

2. It’s not easy for them to get __________from prison.

a) away     b) into     c) down

3. She has got a good salary, so she can get __________without any help from her husband.

a) about     b) over     c) by

4. OK friends. It’s time to get __________to business.

a) in     b) down     c) away

5. We all hope you don’t get __________trouble again.

a) into     b) on     c) in

6. The inspector was lucky to get the truth ___________of him.

a) up     b) out     c) away

7. Stop getting __________my nerves.

a) on     b) at     c) down

8. I doubt my sister’ll ever get _________her trauma.

a) out     b) over     c) in

9. I can’t get __________all this work. I need some help.

a) about     b) away     c) through

10. What time do you usually get _________ at the weekends?

a) on     b) up      c) about

11. The rumors of dismissal will soon get __________.

a) along     b) away     c) about

12. If you’re in trouble, get ___________ to lawyer.

a) by     b) on     c) in

KEY: 1.a 2.a 3.c 4.b 5.a 6.b 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.c 12.b

In each sentence there is a mistake with the simple present, present continuous or with the simple past.

1) Alex is a footballer. He play football in Turkey.

___________________________________________________.

2) Jack works for IBM and his wife working for HP.

_________________________________________________________.

3) I not know why Murat is furious.

_________________________________________________________.

4) We not got up early yesterday.

________________________________________________________.

5) My father fixes my old radio right now.

_______________________________________________________.

6) Roberto Carlos speaks Portugese, but he not speaks Turkish.

_______________________________________________________.

7) At the moment, Delgado writing reports in the office.

_______________________________________________________.

8) Where you stay in Antalya last year?

_______________________________________________________.

9) You cook everyday?

_______________________________________________________.

Key

1. He plays football in Turkey.

2. ……his wife works for HP.

3. I don’t know…………………..

4. We didn’t get up……….

5. My father is fixing……….

6. ……..but he doesn’t speak Turkish.

7. ……..Delgado is writing reports…..

8. Where did you stay …….

9. Do you cook everyday?

EXERCISE 1. Choose the correct answer.

1. If my neighbours _____________ disturbing me, I will go to the police to complain.

a) have kept     b) keep   c) kept

2. If I __________ you, I’d rent a car in Bodrum, Turkey.

a) am      b) had been     c) were

3. __________you come to Antalya, don’t forget to call me.

a) Would    b) Will       c) Should

4. Mert will do the ironing ___________ Nihat does the cooking.

a) unless    b) as long as    c) will

5. If Alex had concentrated, he ___________ the penalty.

a) might not miss     b) wouldn’t have missed   c) wouldn’t miss

6. If the elecricity cuts off, ___________ the candles in the drawer.

a) use    b) will use    c) must use

7. He will begin to work with the team ____________ his leg injury is recovered.

a) unless      b) may       c) if

8. If you add engine protector to the engine, the car’s performance ____________.

a) increases    b) would increase   c) would have increased

9. They ____________ to look for another car if the red one is sold.

a) would start    b) will start     c) would have started

10) What would you do if you _____________a thief in your bedroom?

a) see     b) had seen         c) saw

KEY: 1.b 2.c 3.c 4.b 5.b 6.a 7.c 8.a 9.b 10.c